Records preserve the source wording. Notes requesting full-text verification remain visible. Result direction describes recorded outcomes; it is not a rating of evidence quality.
H01Human studiesMeydani et al. (1990)
Human RCT—immune
Positive✓Population / modelHealthy older adults in metabolic research unitVitamin E formdl-α-tocopheryl acetateDose · Duration800 mg/day · 30 days
Main findings
Increased DTH, IL-2 and ConA-stimulated proliferation; reduced PBMC PGE2 and plasma lipid peroxides.
Key limitations / interpretation
Small, short trial; high dose; immune endpoints rather than disease outcomes.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H01
- Category
- Human RCT—immune
- Reference
- Meydani et al.
- Year
- 1990
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- Population / model
- Healthy older adults in metabolic research unit
- N
- 32
- Vitamin E form
- dl-α-tocopheryl acetate
- Dose
- 800 mg/day
- Duration
- 30 days
- Comparator
- Placebo
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- DTH; PBMC proliferation; IL-1; IL-2; PGE2; lipid peroxides
- Main findings
- Increased DTH, IL-2 and ConA-stimulated proliferation; reduced PBMC PGE2 and plasma lipid peroxides.
- Direction
- Positive
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Small, short trial; high dose; immune endpoints rather than disease outcomes.
H02Human studiesMeydani et al. (1997)
Human RCT—immune/vaccine
Positive / mixed?Population / modelFree-living healthy adults ≥65 yVitamin E formall-rac-α-tocopherolDose · Duration60, 200, or 800 mg/day · 235 days (immune outcomes reported after ~4 months)
Main findings
200 mg/day produced 65% DTH increase and ~6-fold hepatitis-B titer rise; tetanus response increased; diphtheria, immunoglobulins, T/B-cell counts and autoantibodies not improved.
Key limitations / interpretation
Multiple endpoints; strongest effect at 200 mg rather than monotonic dose response; not proof of universal vaccine benefit.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H02
- Category
- Human RCT—immune/vaccine
- Reference
- Meydani et al.
- Year
- 1997
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- Population / model
- Free-living healthy adults ≥65 y
- N
- 88
- Vitamin E form
- all-rac-α-tocopherol
- Dose
- 60, 200, or 800 mg/day
- Duration
- 235 days (immune outcomes reported after ~4 months)
- Comparator
- Placebo
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- DTH; hepatitis B, tetanus, diphtheria, pneumococcal vaccine antibodies; immunoglobulins; T/B cells; autoantibodies
- Main findings
- 200 mg/day produced 65% DTH increase and ~6-fold hepatitis-B titer rise; tetanus response increased; diphtheria, immunoglobulins, T/B-cell counts and autoantibodies not improved.
- Direction
- Positive / mixed
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Multiple endpoints; strongest effect at 200 mg rather than monotonic dose response; not proof of universal vaccine benefit.
H03Human studiesDe Waart et al. (1997)
Human RCT—immune
NeutralPopulation / modelAdults ≥65 yVitamin E formdl-α-tocopheryl acetateDose · Duration100 mg/day · 3 months
Main findings
Plasma α-tocopherol rose ~51%, but no significant improvement in cellular or humoral immune responsiveness.
Key limitations / interpretation
Different baseline proliferative responses required adjustment; modest dose; endpoints mostly ex vivo.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H03
- Category
- Human RCT—immune
- Reference
- De Waart et al.
- Year
- 1997
- Study design
- Double-blind placebo-controlled intervention
- Population / model
- Adults ≥65 y
- N
- 52 cellular; 74 humoral
- Vitamin E form
- dl-α-tocopheryl acetate
- Dose
- 100 mg/day
- Duration
- 3 months
- Comparator
- Placebo
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- PBMC proliferation to ConA/PHA; IgG/IgA/IgG4 to common antigens
- Main findings
- Plasma α-tocopherol rose ~51%, but no significant improvement in cellular or humoral immune responsiveness.
- Direction
- Neutral
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Different baseline proliferative responses required adjustment; modest dose; endpoints mostly ex vivo.
H04Human studiesPallast et al. (1999)
Human RCT—immune
Mixed / mostly neutral?Population / modelNoninstitutionalized adults 65–80 yVitamin E formVitamin EDose · Duration50 or 100 mg/day · 6 months
Main findings
Some dose-related trends in DTH/IL-2, but many differences did not remain significant after multiple-comparison correction.
Key limitations / interpretation
Moderate doses; multiple endpoints; subgroup signals should be interpreted cautiously.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H04
- Category
- Human RCT—immune
- Reference
- Pallast et al.
- Year
- 1999
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- Population / model
- Noninstitutionalized adults 65–80 y
- N
- 161
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E
- Dose
- 50 or 100 mg/day
- Duration
- 6 months
- Comparator
- Placebo
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- DTH; IL-2; IFN-γ; IL-4; cellular immune responsiveness
- Main findings
- Some dose-related trends in DTH/IL-2, but many differences did not remain significant after multiple-comparison correction.
- Direction
- Mixed / mostly neutral
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Moderate doses; multiple endpoints; subgroup signals should be interpreted cautiously.
H05Human studiesMeydani et al. (1998)
Human RCT—immune/safety
Neutral for these immune endpointsPopulation / modelHealthy adults >65 y from 88-person trialVitamin E formall-rac-α-tocopherolDose · Duration60, 200, or 800 IU/day (55,182,727 mg) · 4 months
Main findings
No significant effects on nonspecific immunoglobulins or anti-DNA/anti-thyroglobulin antibodies; neutrophil Candida killing not compromised; no adverse safety signal over 4 months.
Key limitations / interpretation
Companion analysis of same cohort as H02; primarily safety, not efficacy.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H05
- Category
- Human RCT—immune/safety
- Reference
- Meydani et al.
- Year
- 1998
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; companion analysis
- Population / model
- Healthy adults >65 y from 88-person trial
- N
- 88
- Vitamin E form
- all-rac-α-tocopherol
- Dose
- 60, 200, or 800 IU/day (55,182,727 mg)
- Duration
- 4 months
- Comparator
- Placebo
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Neutrophil Candida killing; immunoglobulins; autoantibodies; blood counts; bleeding time; safety labs
- Main findings
- No significant effects on nonspecific immunoglobulins or anti-DNA/anti-thyroglobulin antibodies; neutrophil Candida killing not compromised; no adverse safety signal over 4 months.
- Direction
- Neutral for these immune endpoints
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Companion analysis of same cohort as H02; primarily safety, not efficacy.
H06Human studiesGraat et al. (2002)
Human RCT—clinical infection
Negative / adverse signal×Population / modelCommunity-dwelling adults ≥60 yVitamin E formα-tocopheryl acetateDose · Duration200 mg/day · Up to 15 months; median 441 days
Main findings
No significant reduction in ARI incidence (rate ratio 1.12); illness duration, symptom number, fever and activity restriction were worse with vitamin E.
Key limitations / interpretation
Well-nourished population; self-reported infections assessed by nurses with microbiology/serology in subsets.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H06
- Category
- Human RCT—clinical infection
- Reference
- Graat et al.
- Year
- 2002
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled 2×2 factorial trial
- Population / model
- Community-dwelling adults ≥60 y
- N
- 652
- Vitamin E form
- α-tocopheryl acetate
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
- Duration
- Up to 15 months; median 441 days
- Comparator
- No vitamin E; factorial multivitamin-mineral
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Acute respiratory infection incidence and severity
- Main findings
- No significant reduction in ARI incidence (rate ratio 1.12); illness duration, symptom number, fever and activity restriction were worse with vitamin E.
- Direction
- Negative / adverse signal
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Well-nourished population; self-reported infections assessed by nurses with microbiology/serology in subsets.
H07Human studiesMeydani et al. (2004)
Human RCT—clinical infection
Mixed?Population / modelNursing-home residents ≥65 y at 33 facilitiesVitamin E formdl-α-tocopherolDose · Duration200 IU/day · 1 year
Main findings
No significant effect on overall incidence or days with all/upper/lower RI; fewer participants acquired ≥1 RI/URI in some analyses; post-hoc common-cold signals favored vitamin E.
Key limitations / interpretation
Common-cold analysis post hoc; completion vs ITT results differ in significance; institutionalized elderly population.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H07
- Category
- Human RCT—clinical infection
- Reference
- Meydani et al.
- Year
- 2004
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- Population / model
- Nursing-home residents ≥65 y at 33 facilities
- N
- 617
- Vitamin E form
- dl-α-tocopherol
- Dose
- 200 IU/day
- Duration
- 1 year
- Comparator
- Placebo; all received 1/2 RDA multivitamin/mineral
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Overall, upper and lower respiratory infections; days ill; antibiotics; common cold post hoc
- Main findings
- No significant effect on overall incidence or days with all/upper/lower RI; fewer participants acquired ≥1 RI/URI in some analyses; post-hoc common-cold signals favored vitamin E.
- Direction
- Mixed
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Common-cold analysis post hoc; completion vs ITT results differ in significance; institutionalized elderly population.
H08Human studiesvan Amsterdam et al. (2005)
Human RCT—biomarkers
NeutralPopulation / modelRelatively healthy Dutch elderlyVitamin E formVitamin EDose · Duration200 mg/day · 15 months
Main findings
No significant effect on DHEA-S or neopterin; consistent with lack of protection against respiratory-infection severity in parent study.
Key limitations / interpretation
Biomarkers are indirect measures of immunocompetence; linked to Graat trial context.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H08
- Category
- Human RCT—biomarkers
- Reference
- van Amsterdam et al.
- Year
- 2005
- Study design
- Randomized placebo-controlled trial; biomarker analysis
- Population / model
- Relatively healthy Dutch elderly
- N
- 100
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
- Duration
- 15 months
- Comparator
- Placebo
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Serum DHEA-S; neopterin; infection severity context
- Main findings
- No significant effect on DHEA-S or neopterin; consistent with lack of protection against respiratory-infection severity in parent study.
- Direction
- Neutral
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Biomarkers are indirect measures of immunocompetence; linked to Graat trial context.
H09Human studiesWu et al. (2006)
Human RCT—combined intervention
Mixed / neutral between groups?Population / modelHealthy adults >65 yVitamin E formdl-α-tocopherol plus fish oilDose · Duration0,100,200,400 mg/day vitamin E + 5 g fish oil/day · 3 months
Main findings
DTH rose from baseline in vitamin-E groups and PBMC proliferation in 200-mg group, but changes were not significantly different from fish-oil control; authors concluded fish oil dampened vitamin-E effect.
Key limitations / interpretation
All groups received fish oil; cannot estimate vitamin E alone vs placebo.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H09
- Category
- Human RCT—combined intervention
- Reference
- Wu et al.
- Year
- 2006
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind trial
- Population / model
- Healthy adults >65 y
- N
- 40
- Vitamin E form
- dl-α-tocopherol plus fish oil
- Dose
- 0,100,200,400 mg/day vitamin E + 5 g fish oil/day
- Duration
- 3 months
- Comparator
- Fish oil only
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- DTH; T-cell subsets; PBMC proliferation; IL-2
- Main findings
- DTH rose from baseline in vitamin-E groups and PBMC proliferation in 200-mg group, but changes were not significantly different from fish-oil control; authors concluded fish oil dampened vitamin-E effect.
- Direction
- Mixed / neutral between groups
- Key limitations / interpretation
- All groups received fish oil; cannot estimate vitamin E alone vs placebo.
H10Human studiesRadhakrishnan et al. (2008)
Human RCT—tocopherol/TRF
NeutralPopulation / modelHealthy Asian volunteers 20–50 yVitamin E formα-tocopherol or palm tocotrienol-rich fractionDose · Duration200 mg/day · 56 days
Main findings
No significant immunomodulatory differences for α-tocopherol or TRF in absence of an immunogenic challenge.
Key limitations / interpretation
Young healthy population; no vaccine/infection challenge.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H10
- Category
- Human RCT—tocopherol/TRF
- Reference
- Radhakrishnan et al.
- Year
- 2008
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- Population / model
- Healthy Asian volunteers 20–50 y
- N
- 53
- Vitamin E form
- α-tocopherol or palm tocotrienol-rich fraction
- Dose
- 200 mg/day
- Duration
- 56 days
- Comparator
- Placebo
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- ConA-stimulated IL-4 and IFN-γ; immune parameters
- Main findings
- No significant immunomodulatory differences for α-tocopherol or TRF in absence of an immunogenic challenge.
- Direction
- Neutral
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Young healthy population; no vaccine/infection challenge.
H11Human studiesMahalingam et al. (2011)
Human RCT—tocotrienol/vaccine
Positive✓Population / modelHealthy female volunteersVitamin E formPalm tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF)Dose · Duration400 mg/day · 2 months; tetanus vaccine day 28
Main findings
TRF supplementation enhanced immune response following tetanus-toxoid challenge in the published trial.
Key limitations / interpretation
Tocotrienol-rich mixture, not α-tocopherol; population limited to healthy women; verify full-text N before public display.
Full-text details need verification — see the original notes in this record.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H11
- Category
- Human RCT—tocotrienol/vaccine
- Reference
- Mahalingam et al.
- Year
- 2011
- Study design
- Double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
- Population / model
- Healthy female volunteers
- N
- —
- Vitamin E form
- Palm tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF)
- Dose
- 400 mg/day
- Duration
- 2 months; tetanus vaccine day 28
- Comparator
- Placebo
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Tetanus-toxoid antibody and cytokine responses
- Main findings
- TRF supplementation enhanced immune response following tetanus-toxoid challenge in the published trial.
- Direction
- Positive
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Tocotrienol-rich mixture, not α-tocopherol; population limited to healthy women; verify full-text N before public display.
H12Human studiesChen et al. (2026)
Human RCT—tocotrienol/vaccine
Positive✓Population / modelHealthy adults ≥18 yVitamin E formPalm tocotrienol-rich fractionDose · Duration50,100,200,400 mg/day · 2 months; influenza vaccine day 28
Main findings
All TRF doses augmented anti-influenza antibody production; IFN-γ increased after restimulation; higher-dose groups showed broader immunomodulatory changes.
Key limitations / interpretation
Recent single-center trial; palm TRF mixture; partly industry-sector funded; replication needed.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H12
- Category
- Human RCT—tocotrienol/vaccine
- Reference
- Chen et al.
- Year
- 2026
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled 5-arm trial
- Population / model
- Healthy adults ≥18 y
- N
- 150
- Vitamin E form
- Palm tocotrienol-rich fraction
- Dose
- 50,100,200,400 mg/day
- Duration
- 2 months; influenza vaccine day 28
- Comparator
- Placebo
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Anti-influenza antibodies; IFN-γ/Th1; IL-12; EBI3; leukocytes; antioxidant status
- Main findings
- All TRF doses augmented anti-influenza antibody production; IFN-γ increased after restimulation; higher-dose groups showed broader immunomodulatory changes.
- Direction
- Positive
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Recent single-center trial; palm TRF mixture; partly industry-sector funded; replication needed.
H13Human studiesPenn et al. (1991)
Human RCT—multi-nutrient
Combination study?Population / modelElderly long-stay patientsVitamin E formVitamins A+C+E combinationDose · DurationCombination; exact vitamin-E dose to verify from full text · —
Main findings
Combination antioxidant/vitamin supplementation studied cell-mediated immunity in elderly long-stay patients.
Key limitations / interpretation
Cannot attribute effects specifically to vitamin E; full-text extraction required for dose/N/outcome details.
Full-text details need verification — see the original notes in this record.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H13
- Category
- Human RCT—multi-nutrient
- Reference
- Penn et al.
- Year
- 1991
- Study design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Population / model
- Elderly long-stay patients
- N
- —
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamins A+C+E combination
- Dose
- Combination; exact vitamin-E dose to verify from full text
- Duration
- —
- Comparator
- Control
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Cell-mediated immune function
- Main findings
- Combination antioxidant/vitamin supplementation studied cell-mediated immunity in elderly long-stay patients.
- Direction
- Combination study
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Cannot attribute effects specifically to vitamin E; full-text extraction required for dose/N/outcome details.
H14Human studiesGirodon et al. (1997)
Human RCT—multi-nutrient/infection
Combination study?Population / modelInstitutionalized elderly in geriatric centerVitamin E formMicronutrient combination including vitamin EDose · DurationCombination · 2 years
Main findings
Micronutrient supplementation assessed infectious morbidity over 2 years.
Key limitations / interpretation
Cannot isolate vitamin E effect; small institutionalized sample.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H14
- Category
- Human RCT—multi-nutrient/infection
- Reference
- Girodon et al.
- Year
- 1997
- Study design
- Double-blind controlled randomized trial
- Population / model
- Institutionalized elderly in geriatric center
- N
- 81
- Vitamin E form
- Micronutrient combination including vitamin E
- Dose
- Combination
- Duration
- 2 years
- Comparator
- Control
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Infectious morbidity
- Main findings
- Micronutrient supplementation assessed infectious morbidity over 2 years.
- Direction
- Combination study
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Cannot isolate vitamin E effect; small institutionalized sample.
H15Human studiesGirodon et al. (1999)
Human RCT—multi-nutrient/infection/vaccine
Mixed / combination?Population / modelInstitutionalized adults >65 y in 25 geriatric centersVitamin E formVitamin mixture: β-carotene + vitamin C + vitamin EDose · DurationNutritional doses in vitamin arm · 2 years
Main findings
No treatment effect on DTH after first year; trial separates vitamin mixture from trace-element arm but cannot isolate vitamin E.
Key limitations / interpretation
Vitamin E administered with β-carotene and vitamin C; attribution to vitamin E impossible.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H15
- Category
- Human RCT—multi-nutrient/infection/vaccine
- Reference
- Girodon et al.
- Year
- 1999
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled 2×2 factorial trial
- Population / model
- Institutionalized adults >65 y in 25 geriatric centers
- N
- 725
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin mixture: β-carotene + vitamin C + vitamin E
- Dose
- Nutritional doses in vitamin arm
- Duration
- 2 years
- Comparator
- Placebo / trace elements
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- DTH; influenza-vaccine humoral response; infections; mortality
- Main findings
- No treatment effect on DTH after first year; trial separates vitamin mixture from trace-element arm but cannot isolate vitamin E.
- Direction
- Mixed / combination
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Vitamin E administered with β-carotene and vitamin C; attribution to vitamin E impossible.
H16Human studiesBelisle et al. (2010)
Human secondary analysis—genetics
Exploratory / effect modification?Population / modelElderly nursing-home residents from Meydani 2004 trialVitamin E formVitamin EDose · Duration200 IU/day · 1 year
Main findings
IL-2/IL-10 polymorphisms and sex were associated with infection risk and may modify vitamin-E effect on lower RI.
Key limitations / interpretation
Post hoc/secondary analysis; interaction findings require replication.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H16
- Category
- Human secondary analysis—genetics
- Reference
- Belisle et al.
- Year
- 2010
- Study design
- Secondary genetic analysis of prior RCT
- Population / model
- Elderly nursing-home residents from Meydani 2004 trial
- N
- 500 genotyped
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E
- Dose
- 200 IU/day
- Duration
- 1 year
- Comparator
- Placebo
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Respiratory infections by cytokine-gene SNPs and sex
- Main findings
- IL-2/IL-10 polymorphisms and sex were associated with infection risk and may modify vitamin-E effect on lower RI.
- Direction
- Exploratory / effect modification
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Post hoc/secondary analysis; interaction findings require replication.
H17Human studiesAryaeian et al. (2014)
Human RCT—immune-mediated disease
Disease-specific / mixed?Population / modelAdults with active rheumatoid arthritisVitamin E formVitamin E alone or with conjugated linoleic acidDose · Duration400 mg/day vitamin E · 3 months
Main findings
Vitamin E was tested alone and with CLA for immune/inflammatory outcomes in active RA.
Key limitations / interpretation
Immune-mediated disease; not evidence of enhanced normal immunity. Consult full text for endpoint-specific direction.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H17
- Category
- Human RCT—immune-mediated disease
- Reference
- Aryaeian et al.
- Year
- 2014
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind 4-arm trial
- Population / model
- Adults with active rheumatoid arthritis
- N
- 78
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E alone or with conjugated linoleic acid
- Dose
- 400 mg/day vitamin E
- Duration
- 3 months
- Comparator
- Placebo; CLA; CLA+E
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Inflammatory and immune parameters in RA
- Main findings
- Vitamin E was tested alone and with CLA for immune/inflammatory outcomes in active RA.
- Direction
- Disease-specific / mixed
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Immune-mediated disease; not evidence of enhanced normal immunity. Consult full text for endpoint-specific direction.
- DOI
- Not listed in PubMed record
H18Human studiesJavanbakht et al. (2016)
Human RCT—immune-mediated disease
Positive disease-specific✓Population / modelMild-to-moderate atopic dermatitisVitamin E formVitamin EDose · Duration400 IU/day · 4 months
Main findings
Vitamin E improved several clinical AD measures vs placebo; recurrence after treatment was not significantly different.
Key limitations / interpretation
Clinical disease endpoint, not normal immune competence; IgE mechanism not equivalent to immune enhancement.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H18
- Category
- Human RCT—immune-mediated disease
- Reference
- Javanbakht et al.
- Year
- 2016
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- Population / model
- Mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis
- N
- 70
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E
- Dose
- 400 IU/day
- Duration
- 4 months
- Comparator
- Placebo
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- SCORAD, itch, lesion extent, recurrence
- Main findings
- Vitamin E improved several clinical AD measures vs placebo; recurrence after treatment was not significantly different.
- Direction
- Positive disease-specific
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Clinical disease endpoint, not normal immune competence; IgE mechanism not equivalent to immune enhancement.
- DOI
- Not identified in searched PubMed record
H19Human studiesTsoureli-Nikita et al. (2002)
Human clinical trial—immune-mediated disease
Disease-specific?Population / modelAtopic dermatitisVitamin E formVitamin EDose · Duration400 IU/day reported in secondary descriptions; verify full text · 8 months reported in secondary descriptions; verify full text
Main findings
Study evaluated oral vitamin E in AD with clinical and IgE outcomes.
Key limitations / interpretation
PubMed labels clinical trial; randomization/blinding and exact arm details should be verified from full text before website use.
Full-text details need verification — see the original notes in this record.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H19
- Category
- Human clinical trial—immune-mediated disease
- Reference
- Tsoureli-Nikita et al.
- Year
- 2002
- Study design
- Clinical trial
- Population / model
- Atopic dermatitis
- N
- 96 reported in secondary descriptions; verify full text
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E
- Dose
- 400 IU/day reported in secondary descriptions; verify full text
- Duration
- 8 months reported in secondary descriptions; verify full text
- Comparator
- Control
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Clinical course; serum IgE
- Main findings
- Study evaluated oral vitamin E in AD with clinical and IgE outcomes.
- Direction
- Disease-specific
- Key limitations / interpretation
- PubMed labels clinical trial; randomization/blinding and exact arm details should be verified from full text before website use.
H20Human studiesKarlson et al. (2008)
Human RCT—autoimmune prevention
NeutralPopulation / modelFemale health professionals ≥45 y without RA at baselineVitamin E formVitamin EDose · Duration600 IU every other day · ~10 years
Main findings
Randomized vitamin E did not establish prevention of incident RA in the Women's Health Study analysis.
Key limitations / interpretation
RA prevention is immune-mediated disease incidence, not general immune function; secondary analysis of a large prevention trial.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H20
- Category
- Human RCT—autoimmune prevention
- Reference
- Karlson et al.
- Year
- 2008
- Study design
- Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial; secondary endpoint of Women's Health Study
- Population / model
- Female health professionals ≥45 y without RA at baseline
- N
- 39,144 analyzed
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E
- Dose
- 600 IU every other day
- Duration
- ~10 years
- Comparator
- Placebo
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Incident rheumatoid arthritis
- Main findings
- Randomized vitamin E did not establish prevention of incident RA in the Women's Health Study analysis.
- Direction
- Neutral
- Key limitations / interpretation
- RA prevention is immune-mediated disease incidence, not general immune function; secondary analysis of a large prevention trial.
H21Human studiesEdmonds et al. (1997)
Human RCT—RA inflammation
Mixed disease-specific?Population / modelRheumatoid arthritis patients on antirheumatic drugsVitamin E formα-tocopherolDose · Duration600 mg twice daily · 12 weeks
Main findings
Analgesic effects were reported without clear improvement in conventional inflammatory disease activity measures.
Key limitations / interpretation
Very high dose; small RA trial; not normal immunity.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- H21
- Category
- Human RCT—RA inflammation
- Reference
- Edmonds et al.
- Year
- 1997
- Study design
- Prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
- Population / model
- Rheumatoid arthritis patients on antirheumatic drugs
- N
- 42
- Vitamin E form
- α-tocopherol
- Dose
- 600 mg twice daily
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Comparator
- Placebo
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Clinical inflammation, pain, hematologic/biochemical inflammatory markers, oxidative damage
- Main findings
- Analgesic effects were reported without clear improvement in conventional inflammatory disease activity measures.
- Direction
- Mixed disease-specific
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Very high dose; small RA trial; not normal immunity.
A01Animal studiesMeydani et al. (1986)
Animal—aging immunity
Positive preclinical✓Population / modelYoung (3 mo) and old (24 mo) C57BL/6J miceVitamin E formdl-α-tocopheryl acetateDose · Duration30 vs 500 ppm diet · 6 weeks
Main findings
In old mice, 500 ppm enhanced DTH and mitogen responses and lowered splenic PGE2.
Key limitations / interpretation
Mouse model; dietary ppm not directly translatable to human supplement dose.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- A01
- Category
- Animal—aging immunity
- Reference
- Meydani et al.
- Year
- 1986
- Study design
- Controlled dietary animal experiment
- Population / model
- Young (3 mo) and old (24 mo) C57BL/6J mice
- N
- —
- Vitamin E form
- dl-α-tocopheryl acetate
- Dose
- 30 vs 500 ppm diet
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Comparator
- 30 ppm diet
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- DNFB DTH; splenocyte ConA/LPS proliferation; splenic PGE2
- Main findings
- In old mice, 500 ppm enhanced DTH and mitogen responses and lowered splenic PGE2.
- Direction
- Positive preclinical
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Mouse model; dietary ppm not directly translatable to human supplement dose.
A02Animal studiesTanaka et al. (1979)
Animal—T-cell helper/humoral
Positive preclinical✓Population / modelInbred SL and DDD miceVitamin E formVitamin E / tocopheryl acetate or nicotinateDose · Duration0,20,200 mg/kg food · ~50+ days before immunization
Main findings
Vitamin E increased antibody titers and helper T-cell activity in a dose-dependent manner; suggested facilitation of IgM-to-IgG shift.
Key limitations / interpretation
Older animal study; antigen models not clinical infection.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- A02
- Category
- Animal—T-cell helper/humoral
- Reference
- Tanaka et al.
- Year
- 1979
- Study design
- Controlled dietary mouse study
- Population / model
- Inbred SL and DDD mice
- N
- —
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E / tocopheryl acetate or nicotinate
- Dose
- 0,20,200 mg/kg food
- Duration
- ~50+ days before immunization
- Comparator
- Unsupplemented diet
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Antibody to HRBC/TNP; helper T-cell activity; IgM→IgG shift
- Main findings
- Vitamin E increased antibody titers and helper T-cell activity in a dose-dependent manner; suggested facilitation of IgM-to-IgG shift.
- Direction
- Positive preclinical
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Older animal study; antigen models not clinical infection.
- DOI
- No DOI listed in PubMed record
A03Animal studiesHayek et al. (1997)
Animal—influenza
Positive / endpoint-specific✓Population / modelYoung and old C57BL/6NIA mice infected with influenza AVitamin E formVitamin EDose · Duration30 vs 500 ppm diet · Pre-infection dietary supplementation
Main findings
Vitamin E lowered lung viral titers, especially in old mice, and restored age-impaired NK activity; pulmonary CTL activity was not significantly changed.
Key limitations / interpretation
Mouse influenza model; not evidence of human influenza prevention.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- A03
- Category
- Animal—influenza
- Reference
- Hayek et al.
- Year
- 1997
- Study design
- Controlled dietary infection experiment
- Population / model
- Young and old C57BL/6NIA mice infected with influenza A
- N
- —
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E
- Dose
- 30 vs 500 ppm diet
- Duration
- Pre-infection dietary supplementation
- Comparator
- 30 ppm diet
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Lung viral titer; NK activity; pulmonary CTL
- Main findings
- Vitamin E lowered lung viral titers, especially in old mice, and restored age-impaired NK activity; pulmonary CTL activity was not significantly changed.
- Direction
- Positive / endpoint-specific
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Mouse influenza model; not evidence of human influenza prevention.
A04Animal studiesHan et al. (2000)
Animal—influenza mechanism
Positive preclinical✓Population / modelOld mice infected with influenza virusVitamin E formVitamin EDose · DurationSupplemented diet; exact ppm in full text · —
Main findings
Vitamin E increased Th1 cytokine production, reduced macrophage PGE2, and was associated with lower lung viral titers.
Key limitations / interpretation
Mechanistic aged-mouse model; exact dietary regimen should be extracted from full text for database completion.
Full-text details need verification — see the original notes in this record.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- A04
- Category
- Animal—influenza mechanism
- Reference
- Han et al.
- Year
- 2000
- Study design
- Controlled dietary infection experiment
- Population / model
- Old mice infected with influenza virus
- N
- —
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E
- Dose
- Supplemented diet; exact ppm in full text
- Duration
- —
- Comparator
- Control diet
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- IL-2; IFN-γ; macrophage PGE2; pulmonary viral titer
- Main findings
- Vitamin E increased Th1 cytokine production, reduced macrophage PGE2, and was associated with lower lung viral titers.
- Direction
- Positive preclinical
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Mechanistic aged-mouse model; exact dietary regimen should be extracted from full text for database completion.
A05Animal studiesHan et al. (2000)
Animal—influenza long-term
Positive preclinical✓Population / model18-month-old C57BL/6NCrlBR miceVitamin E formVitamin EDose · DurationSupplemented diet; exact dose in full text · 6 months
Main findings
Vitamin E group had lower lung viral titers and less weight loss; lung IL-6 and TNF-α were lower than controls.
Key limitations / interpretation
Multiple antioxidant comparison arms; animal model.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- A05
- Category
- Animal—influenza long-term
- Reference
- Han et al.
- Year
- 2000
- Study design
- Controlled long-term dietary antioxidant experiment
- Population / model
- 18-month-old C57BL/6NCrlBR mice
- N
- —
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E
- Dose
- Supplemented diet; exact dose in full text
- Duration
- 6 months
- Comparator
- Control and other antioxidant diets
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Influenza lung viral titer; weight loss; lung IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α
- Main findings
- Vitamin E group had lower lung viral titers and less weight loss; lung IL-6 and TNF-α were lower than controls.
- Direction
- Positive preclinical
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Multiple antioxidant comparison arms; animal model.
R01ReviewsMeydani & Hayek (1995)
Review—aging immunity
ReviewPopulation / modelHuman and animal aging literatureVitamin E formVitamin EDose · Duration— · —
Main findings
Summarizes animal and human evidence for immunostimulatory effects of vitamin E in aging.
Key limitations / interpretation
Historical review; use primary studies for clinical claims.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- R01
- Category
- Review—aging immunity
- Reference
- Meydani & Hayek
- Year
- 1995
- Study design
- Narrative review
- Population / model
- Human and animal aging literature
- N
- —
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E
- Dose
- —
- Duration
- —
- Comparator
- —
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Aging immune response and vitamin E intervention
- Main findings
- Summarizes animal and human evidence for immunostimulatory effects of vitamin E in aging.
- Direction
- Review
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Historical review; use primary studies for clinical claims.
- DOI
- Not listed in PubMed record
R02ReviewsHan & Meydani (2000)
Review—infection/aging
ReviewPopulation / modelAged mice and elderly humansVitamin E formVitamin E and antioxidantsDose · Duration— · —
Main findings
Integrates antioxidant, cytokine and influenza evidence in aged mice and older humans.
Key limitations / interpretation
Use for context and citation mining, not as sole support for clinical claims.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- R02
- Category
- Review—infection/aging
- Reference
- Han & Meydani
- Year
- 2000
- Study design
- Narrative review
- Population / model
- Aged mice and elderly humans
- N
- —
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E and antioxidants
- Dose
- —
- Duration
- —
- Comparator
- —
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Cytokines; influenza; aging
- Main findings
- Integrates antioxidant, cytokine and influenza evidence in aged mice and older humans.
- Direction
- Review
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Use for context and citation mining, not as sole support for clinical claims.
R03ReviewsMeydani et al. (1999)
Review—infectious disease
ReviewPopulation / modelAging / infectious disease literatureVitamin E formVitamin EDose · Duration— · —
Main findings
Reviews vitamin E, age-related immune decline, and infection-resistance studies.
Key limitations / interpretation
Primary trials/animal studies should support substantive claims.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- R03
- Category
- Review—infectious disease
- Reference
- Meydani et al.
- Year
- 1999
- Study design
- Narrative review
- Population / model
- Aging / infectious disease literature
- N
- —
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E
- Dose
- —
- Duration
- —
- Comparator
- —
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Influenza and infection resistance
- Main findings
- Reviews vitamin E, age-related immune decline, and infection-resistance studies.
- Direction
- Review
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Primary trials/animal studies should support substantive claims.
- DOI
- Not identified in searched record
R04ReviewsMeydani, Han & Hamer (2004)
Review—respiratory infection
ReviewPopulation / modelElderly respiratory infection literatureVitamin E formVitamin EDose · Duration— · —
Main findings
Reviews immune RCTs and nursing-home respiratory infection trial.
Key limitations / interpretation
Some language emphasizes positive common-cold findings; balance with Graat 2002.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- R04
- Category
- Review—respiratory infection
- Reference
- Meydani, Han & Hamer
- Year
- 2004
- Study design
- Narrative review
- Population / model
- Elderly respiratory infection literature
- N
- —
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E
- Dose
- —
- Duration
- —
- Comparator
- —
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- DTH, vaccine response, respiratory infections
- Main findings
- Reviews immune RCTs and nursing-home respiratory infection trial.
- Direction
- Review
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Some language emphasizes positive common-cold findings; balance with Graat 2002.
R05ReviewsMeydani, Han & Wu (2005)
Review—mechanisms/aging
ReviewPopulation / modelHuman and animal aging literatureVitamin E formPrimarily α-tocopherolDose · Duration— · —
Main findings
Major synthesis linking vitamin E to age-related T-cell function, PGE2, vaccination and infection evidence.
Key limitations / interpretation
Highly useful map of literature; primary studies required for claims.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- R05
- Category
- Review—mechanisms/aging
- Reference
- Meydani, Han & Wu
- Year
- 2005
- Study design
- Narrative mechanistic review
- Population / model
- Human and animal aging literature
- N
- —
- Vitamin E form
- Primarily α-tocopherol
- Dose
- —
- Duration
- —
- Comparator
- —
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- T-cell proliferation; IL-2; PGE2; naïve vs memory T cells; vaccines; infections
- Main findings
- Major synthesis linking vitamin E to age-related T-cell function, PGE2, vaccination and infection evidence.
- Direction
- Review
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Highly useful map of literature; primary studies required for claims.
R06ReviewsWu & Meydani (2014)
Review—immunosenescence
ReviewPopulation / modelAge-associated immune function literatureVitamin E formVitamin EDose · Duration— · —
Main findings
Reviews direct T-cell and indirect macrophage/PGE2 mechanisms and clinical implications.
Key limitations / interpretation
Focuses substantially on authors' program of work; useful for mechanism/citation mining.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- R06
- Category
- Review—immunosenescence
- Reference
- Wu & Meydani
- Year
- 2014
- Study design
- Narrative review
- Population / model
- Age-associated immune function literature
- N
- —
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E
- Dose
- —
- Duration
- —
- Comparator
- —
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- T-cell aging; PGE2; mechanisms; infection
- Main findings
- Reviews direct T-cell and indirect macrophage/PGE2 mechanisms and clinical implications.
- Direction
- Review
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Focuses substantially on authors' program of work; useful for mechanism/citation mining.
- DOI
- Not identified in searched PubMed record
R07ReviewsLewis, Meydani & Wu (2019)
Review—immune regulation/inflammation
ReviewPopulation / modelCell, preclinical and clinical literatureVitamin E formα-tocopherol plus other tocopherols/tocotrienolsDose · Duration— · —
Main findings
Broad modern review emphasizing direct and indirect immunomodulatory mechanisms and emerging non-α forms.
Key limitations / interpretation
Useful for citation mining; some conclusions should be checked against mixed clinical RCTs.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- R07
- Category
- Review—immune regulation/inflammation
- Reference
- Lewis, Meydani & Wu
- Year
- 2019
- Study design
- Narrative review
- Population / model
- Cell, preclinical and clinical literature
- N
- —
- Vitamin E form
- α-tocopherol plus other tocopherols/tocotrienols
- Dose
- —
- Duration
- —
- Comparator
- —
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- T-cell membrane/signaling/division; inflammatory mediators; infections; allergic disease
- Main findings
- Broad modern review emphasizing direct and indirect immunomodulatory mechanisms and emerging non-α forms.
- Direction
- Review
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Useful for citation mining; some conclusions should be checked against mixed clinical RCTs.
R08ReviewsTengerdy (1989)
Review—general immunity/disease resistance
ReviewPopulation / modelLaboratory/farm animals and humansVitamin E formVitamin EDose · Duration— · —
Main findings
Historical synthesis of vitamin E immune and disease-resistance evidence.
Key limitations / interpretation
Older heterogeneous evidence base; includes veterinary/adjuvant literature.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- R08
- Category
- Review—general immunity/disease resistance
- Reference
- Tengerdy
- Year
- 1989
- Study design
- Narrative review
- Population / model
- Laboratory/farm animals and humans
- N
- —
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E
- Dose
- —
- Duration
- —
- Comparator
- —
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Humoral/cellular immunity; phagocytosis; disease resistance
- Main findings
- Historical synthesis of vitamin E immune and disease-resistance evidence.
- Direction
- Review
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Older heterogeneous evidence base; includes veterinary/adjuvant literature.
R09ReviewsTengerdy (1990)
Review—general immunity/disease resistance
ReviewPopulation / modelAnimal and human literatureVitamin E formVitamin EDose · Duration— · —
Main findings
Reviews vitamin E supplementation and adjuvant effects across species.
Key limitations / interpretation
Historical heterogeneous evidence; not a substitute for human RCTs.
View all 18 fields
- ID
- R09
- Category
- Review—general immunity/disease resistance
- Reference
- Tengerdy
- Year
- 1990
- Study design
- Narrative review
- Population / model
- Animal and human literature
- N
- —
- Vitamin E form
- Vitamin E
- Dose
- —
- Duration
- —
- Comparator
- —
- Immune / clinical endpoints
- Humoral/cellular immunity; phagocytosis; disease resistance
- Main findings
- Reviews vitamin E supplementation and adjuvant effects across species.
- Direction
- Review
- Key limitations / interpretation
- Historical heterogeneous evidence; not a substitute for human RCTs.
